Wash. R. Evid. 901

(a) General Provision. The requirement of authentication or identification as a condition

precedent to admissibility is satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in

question is what its proponent claims.

(b) Illustrations. By way of illustration only, and not by way of limitation, the following

are examples of authentication or identification conforming with the requirements of this rule:

(1) Testimony of Witness With Knowledge. Testimony that a matter is what it is claimed to

be.

(2) Nonexpert Opinion on Handwriting. Nonexpert opinion as to the genuineness of

handwriting, based upon familiarity not acquired for purposes of the litigation.

(3) Comparison by Court or Expert Witness. Comparison by the court or by expert

witnesses with specimens which have been authenticated.

(4) Distinctive Characteristics and the Like. Appearance, contents, substance, internal

patterns, or other distinctive characteristics, taken in conjunction with circumstances.

(5) Voice Identification. Identification of a voice, whether heard firsthand or through

mechanical or electronic transmission or recording, by opinion based upon hearing the voice at

any time under circumstances connecting it with the alleged speaker.

(6) Telephone Conversations. Telephone conversations, by evidence that a call was made

to the number assigned at the time by the telephone company to a particular person or business, if

(i) in the case of a person, circumstances, including self-identification, show the person

answering to be the one called, or (ii) in the case of a business, the call was made to a place of

business and the conversation related to business reasonably transacted over the telephone.

(7) Public Records or Reports. [Reserved. See RCW 5.44 and CR 44.]

(8) Ancient Documents or Data Compilation. Evidence that a document or data

compilation, in any form, (i) is in such condition as to create no suspicion concerning its

authenticity, (ii) was in a place where it, if authentic, would likely be, and (iii) has been in

existence 20 years or more at the time it is offered.

(9) Process or System. Evidence describing a process or system used to produce a result

and showing that the process or system produces an accurate result.

(10) Electronic Mail (E-mail). Testimony by a person with knowledge that (i) the e-mail

purports to be authored or created by the particular sender or the sender’s agent; (ii) the e-mail

purports to be sent from an e-mail address associated with the particular sender or the sender’s

agent; and (iii) the appearance, contents, substance, internal patterns, or other distinctive

characteristics of the e-mail, taken in conjunction with the circumstances, are sufficient to

support a finding that the e-mail in question is what the proponent claims.

(11) Methods Provided by Statute or Rule. Any method of authentication or identification

provided by statute or court rule.