Vermont Model Criminal Jury Instructions CR25-081

The State has charged (Def)_______________ with kidnapping, as follows:

[Read the charge.]

Every crime is made up of essential elements. Before (Def)_______________ can be found guilty of the charge, the State must have proven each of the essential elements beyond a reasonable doubt. In this case, the essential elements are that on the date and at the place alleged,

(1) (Def)_______________;

(2) knowingly restrained (victim)_______________, by (specific acts)_______________;

(3) at the time, (victim)_______________ was under the age of 16;

(4) at the time, (Def)_______________ was not a relative of (victim)_______________; and

(5) (Def)_______________ intended to keep (victim)_______________ from (victim)_______________’s lawful custodian for a substantial period of time.

The first essential element is that (Def)_______________ is the person who committed the alleged acts.

The second essential element is that (Def)_______________ knowingly restrained (victim)_______________.

The State must have proven that (Def)_______________ acted knowingly, and not inadvertently, or because of mistake, or by accident. You may find that (Def)_______________ acted knowingly if [he] [she] was aware that [his] [her] conduct would cause, or was practically certain to cause, (victim)_______________ to be restrained.

To restrain means to restrict substantially the movement of another person without the person’s agreement or consent, and without other lawful authority, [by removing the restrained person from the person’s residence or place of business, or from a hospital or school] [by moving the restrained person a substantial distance from the place where the restriction on the person’s movement commenced. What you may find as a “substantial distance” depends on the circumstances.] [by confining the restrained person for a substantial period either in the place where the restriction commences or in a place to which the person has been moved. What you may find as a “substantial period” depends on the circumstances. The term “substantial” in this definition is measured by the quality and nature of the restraint rather than just the duration.]

A restraint is without consent [if it is accomplished by force, threat, or deception] [if it is by agreement or acquiescence of the restrained person, if the restrained person is under 16 years of age, and the restrained person’s lawful custodian has not agreed to or acquiesced in the movement or confinement. Acquiescence means that a person tacitly agrees to something, by not objecting to it when given an opportunity to do so.]

[Force means power, compulsion, or strength directed at another, to accomplish a goal. A threat is a statement that the speaker intends to harm or injure someone else, by means of some unlawful act. Deception is intentionally misleading someone by a false statement; the statement may be communicated by words or by deeds.]

Here the State alleges that (Def)_______________ knowingly restrained (victim)_______________ by (specific acts)____________________.

The third essential element is that, at the time, (victim)_______________ was under the age of 16. The State need not have proven that (Def)_______________ knew that (victim)_______________ was under the age of 16.

The fourth essential element is that, at the time, (Def)_______________ was not a relative of (victim)_______________. For persons to be relatives means that they have a family connection, by blood, marriage, civil union, or adoption.

The last essential element is that (Def)_______________ intended to keep (victim)_______________ from (victim)_______________’s lawful custodian for a substantial period of time. A person’s custodian is someone who has legal care and control over that person. (Def)_______________ must have acted on purpose and with the conscious goal of keeping (victim)_______________ from [his] [her] lawful custodial for a substantial period of time. [He] [She] also must have acted voluntarily, and not inadvertently, or because of mistake, or by accident.

The intent with which a person does an act may be shown by the way in which he or she expresses it to others, or by his or her conduct. In determining (Def)_______________’s intent, you should consider all of the surrounding facts and circumstances established by the evidence.

All of the elements of the offense must have been present at the same time. If the State has not proven each of the essential elements of the charge beyond a reasonable doubt, then you must find (Def)_______________ not guilty. However, if the State has proven all of the essential elements beyond a reasonable doubt, you must return a verdict of guilty.