Fed. R. Civ. P. 53

(a) APPOINTMENT.

(1) Scope. Unless a statute provides otherwise, a court may

appoint a master only to:

77 Rule 53 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE

(A) perform duties consented to by the parties;

(B) hold trial proceedings and make or recommend findings of fact on issues to be decided without a jury if appointment is warranted by:

(i) some exceptional condition; or

(ii) the need to perform an accounting or resolve a

difficult computation of damages; or

(C) address pretrial and posttrial matters that cannot be

effectively and timely addressed by an available district

judge or magistrate judge of the district.

(2) Disqualification. A master must not have a relationship to

the parties, attorneys, action, or court that would require disqualification of a judge under 28 U.S.C. § 455, unless the parties, with the court’s approval, consent to the appointment

after the master discloses any potential grounds for disqualification.

(3) Possible Expense or Delay. In appointing a master, the

court must consider the fairness of imposing the likely expenses on the parties and must protect against unreasonable

expense or delay.

(b) ORDER APPOINTING A MASTER.

(1) Notice. Before appointing a master, the court must give

the parties notice and an opportunity to be heard. Any party

may suggest candidates for appointment.

(2) Contents. The appointing order must direct the master to

proceed with all reasonable diligence and must state:

(A) the master’s duties, including any investigation or

enforcement duties, and any limits on the master’s authority under Rule 53(c);

(B) the circumstances, if any, in which the master may

communicate ex parte with the court or a party;

(C) the nature of the materials to be preserved and filed

as the record of the master’s activities;

(D) the time limits, method of filing the record, other

procedures, and standards for reviewing the master’s orders, findings, and recommendations; and

(E) the basis, terms, and procedure for fixing the master’s compensation under Rule 53(g).

(3) Issuing. The court may issue the order only after:

(A) the master files an affidavit disclosing whether there

is any ground for disqualification under 28 U.S.C. § 455; and

(B) if a ground is disclosed, the parties, with the court’s

approval, waive the disqualification.

(4) Amending. The order may be amended at any time after

notice to the parties and an opportunity to be heard.

(c) MASTER’S AUTHORITY.

(1) In General. Unless the appointing order directs otherwise,

a master may:

(A) regulate all proceedings;

(B) take all appropriate measures to perform the assigned duties fairly and efficiently; and

(C) if conducting an evidentiary hearing, exercise the appointing court’s power to compel, take, and record evidence.

(2) Sanctions. The master may by order impose on a party

any noncontempt sanction provided by Rule 37 or 45, and may

78 Rule 53 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE

recommend a contempt sanction against a party and sanctions

against a nonparty.

(d) MASTER’S ORDERS. A master who issues an order must file it

and promptly serve a copy on each party. The clerk must enter

the order on the docket.

(e) MASTER’S REPORTS. A master must report to the court as required by the appointing order. The master must file the report

and promptly serve a copy on each party, unless the court orders

otherwise.

(f) A CTION ON THE MASTER’S ORDER, R EPORT, OR RECOMMENDATIONS.

(1) Opportunity for a Hearing; Action in General. In acting on

a master’s order, report, or recommendations, the court must

give the parties notice and an opportunity to be heard; may

receive evidence; and may adopt or affirm, modify, wholly or

partly reject or reverse, or resubmit to the master with instructions.

(2) Time to Object or Move to Adopt or Modify. A party may file

objections to—or a motion to adopt or modify—the master’s

order, report, or recommendations no later than 21 days after

a copy is served, unless the court sets a different time.

(3) Reviewing Factual Findings. The court must decide de

novo all objections to findings of fact made or recommended

by a master, unless the parties, with the court’s approval,

stipulate that:

(A) the findings will be reviewed for clear error; or

(B) the findings of a master appointed under Rule

53(a)(1)(A) or (C) will be final.

(4) Reviewing Legal Conclusions. The court must decide de

novo all objections to conclusions of law made or recommended by a master.

(5) Reviewing Procedural Matters. Unless the appointing order

establishes a different standard of review, the court may set

aside a master’s ruling on a procedural matter only for an

abuse of discretion.

(g) COMPENSATION.

(1) Fixing Compensation. Before or after judgment, the court

must fix the master’s compensation on the basis and terms

stated in the appointing order, but the court may set a new

basis and terms after giving notice and an opportunity to be

heard.

(2) Payment. The compensation must be paid either:

(A) by a party or parties; or

(B) from a fund or subject matter of the action within

the court’s control.

(3) Allocating Payment. The court must allocate payment

among the parties after considering the nature and amount of

the controversy, the parties’ means, and the extent to which

any party is more responsible than other parties for the reference to a master. An interim allocation may be amended to

reflect a decision on the merits.

(h) APPOINTING A MAGISTRATE JUDGE. A magistrate judge is subject to this rule only when the order referring a matter to the

magistrate judge states that the reference is made under this rule.

79 Rule 54 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE

(As amended Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; Apr. 28, 1983, eff. Aug.

1, 1983; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987; Apr. 30, 1991, eff. Dec. 1, 1991;

Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993; Mar. 27, 2003, eff. Dec. 1, 2003; Apr.

30, 2007, eff. Dec. 1, 2007; Mar. 26, 2009, eff. Dec. 1, 2009.)

TITLE VII. JUDGMENT