Fed. R. Civ. P. 52

(a) FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS.

(1) In General. In an action tried on the facts without a jury

or with an advisory jury, the court must find the facts specially and state its conclusions of law separately. The findings

and conclusions may be stated on the record after the close of

the evidence or may appear in an opinion or a memorandum

of decision filed by the court. Judgment must be entered under

Rule 58.

(2) For an Interlocutory Injunction. In granting or refusing an

interlocutory injunction, the court must similarly state the

findings and conclusions that support its action.

(3) For a Motion. The court is not required to state findings

or conclusions when ruling on a motion under Rule 12 or 56 or,

unless these rules provide otherwise, on any other motion.

(4) Effect of a Master’s Findings. A master’s findings, to the

extent adopted by the court, must be considered the court’s

findings.

(5) Questioning the Evidentiary Support. A party may later

question the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the findings, whether or not the party requested findings, objected to

them, moved to amend them, or moved for partial findings.

(6) Setting Aside the Findings. Findings of fact, whether based

on oral or other evidence, must not be set aside unless clearly

erroneous, and the reviewing court must give due regard to

the trial court’s opportunity to judge the witnesses’ credibility.

(b) AMENDED OR ADDITIONAL FINDINGS. On a party’s motion filed

no later than 28 days after the entry of judgment, the court may

amend its findings—or make additional findings—and may amend

the judgment accordingly. The motion may accompany a motion

for a new trial under Rule 59.

(c) J UDGMENT ON PARTIAL FINDINGS. If a party has been fully

heard on an issue during a nonjury trial and the court finds

against the party on that issue, the court may enter judgment

against the party on a claim or defense that, under the controlling

law, can be maintained or defeated only with a favorable finding

on that issue. The court may, however, decline to render any judgment until the close of the evidence. A judgment on partial findings must be supported by findings of fact and conclusions of law

as required by Rule 52(a).

(As amended Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July

1, 1963; Apr. 28, 1983, eff. Aug. 1, 1983; Apr. 29, 1985, eff. Aug. 1, 1985;

Apr. 30, 1991, eff. Dec. 1, 1991; Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993; Apr.

27, 1995, eff. Dec. 1, 1995; Apr. 30, 2007, eff. Dec. 1, 2007; Mar. 26, 2009,

eff. Dec. 1, 2009.)