Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011

(a) S IGNATURE. Every petition, pleading, written motion, and

other document—except a list, schedule, or statement, or an

amendment to one of them—must be signed by at least one attorney of record in the attorney’s individual name. A party not represented by an attorney must sign all documents. Each document

must state the signer’s address and telephone number, if any. The

court must strike an unsigned document unless the omission is

promptly corrected after being called to the attorney’s or party’s

attention.

(b) REPRESENTATIONS TO THE COURT. By presenting to the court

a petition, pleading, written motion, or other document—whether

by signing, filing, submitting, or later advocating it—an attorney

or unrepresented party certifies that, to the best of the person’s

knowledge, information, and belief formed after an inquiry reasonable under the circumstances:

(1) it is not presented for any improper purpose, such as to

harass, cause unnecessary delay, or needlessly increase litigation costs;

(2) the claims, defenses, and other legal contentions are warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument to extend, modify, or reverse existing law, or to establish new law;

(3) the allegations and factual contentions have evidentiary

support—or if specifically so identified, are likely to have evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for further investigation or discovery; and

(4) the denials of factual contentions are warranted on the

evidence—or if specifically so identified, are reasonably based

on a lack of information or belief.

(c) SANCTIONS.

(1) In General. If, after notice and a reasonable opportunity

to respond, the court determines that (b) has been violated,

the court may, subject to the conditions in this subdivision

133 Rule 9011 FEDERAL RULES OF BANKRUPTCY PROCEDURE

(c), impose an appropriate sanction on any attorney, law firm,

or party that committed the violation or is responsible for it.

Absent exceptional circumstances, a law firm must be held

jointly responsible for a violation committed by its partner,

associate, or employee.

(2) By Motion.

(A) In General. A motion for sanctions must be made separately from any other motion or request, describe the

specific conduct alleged to violate (b), and be served under

Rule 7004.

(B) When to File. The motion for sanctions must not be

filed or presented to the court if the challenged document,

claim, defense, contention, allegation, or denial is withdrawn or appropriately corrected within 21 days after the

motion was served (or within another period as the court

may order). This limitation does not apply if the conduct

alleged is filing a petition in violation of (b).

(C) Awarding Damages. If warranted, the court may

award to the prevailing party the reasonable expenses and

attorney’s fees incurred in presenting or opposing the motion.

(3) By the Court. On its own, the court may enter an order describing the specific conduct that appears to violate (b) and directing an attorney, law firm, or party to show cause why it

has not violated (b).

(4) Nature of a Sanction; Limitations.

(A) In General. A sanction imposed under this rule must

be limited to what suffices to deter repetition of the conduct or deter comparable conduct by others similarly situated. The sanction may include:

(i) a nonmonetary directive;

(ii) an order to pay a penalty into court; or

(iii) if imposed on motion and warranted for effective

deterrence, an order directing payment to the movant

of all or part of the reasonable attorney’s fees and

other expenses directly resulting from the violation.

(B) Limitations on a Monetary Sanction. The court must

not impose a monetary sanction:

(i) against a represented party for violating (b)(2); or

(ii) on its own, unless it issued the show-cause order

under (c)(3) before voluntary dismissal or settlement of

the claims made by or against the party that is, or

whose attorneys are, to be sanctioned.

(5) Content of a Court Order. An order imposing a sanction

must describe the sanctioned conduct and explain the basis for

the sanction.

(d) I NAPPLICABILITY TO DISCOVERY. Subdivisions (a)–(c) do not

apply to disclosures and discovery requests, responses, objections,

and motions that are subject to Rules 7026–7037.

(e) V ERIFYING A DOCUMENT. A document filed in a bankruptcy

case need not be verified unless these rules provide otherwise.

When these rules require verification, an unsworn declaration

under 28 U.S.C. § 1746 suffices.

(f) COPIES OF SIGNED OR VERIFIED DOCUMENTS. When these rules

require copies of a signed or verified document, if the original is

signed or verified, a copy that conforms to the original suffices.

134 Rule 9012 FEDERAL RULES OF BANKRUPTCY PROCEDURE

(As amended Mar. 30, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987; Apr. 30, 1991, eff. Aug.

1, 1991; Apr. 11, 1997, eff. Dec. 1, 1997; Apr. 2, 2024, eff. Dec. 1, 2024.)