9th Cir. R. 28-1

(a) Briefs shall be prepared and filed in accordance with the Federal Rules of Appellate

Procedure except as otherwise provided by these rules. See FRAP 28, 29, 31 and 32. All

briefs submitted by counsel, including supplemental briefs, must contain a table of

contents and a table of authorities pursuant to FRAP 28, unless the Court directs or

permits the brief to be in letter format. Briefs not complying with FRAP and these rules

may be stricken by the Court. (Rev. 12/1/24)

(b) Parties must not append or incorporate by reference briefs submitted to the district court

or agency or this Court in a prior appeal, or refer this Court to such briefs for the

arguments on the merits of the appeal. (New 7/1/00)

(c) Unless otherwise required by Circuit Rule 26.1-1, the brief should not include a

disclosure statement pursuant to FRAP 26.1. (New 12/1/25)

(d) Appellants proceeding without assistance of counsel may file the informal form briefs

provided by the Clerk in lieu of the briefs described in FRAP 28(a) and (c), and need not

comply with the technical requirements of FRAP. (Rev. 1/96; 12/1/19)

Cross Reference:

• FRAP 28. Briefs on page 110, specifically, FRAP 28(j), Citation of Supplemental Authorities

(Rev. 7/1/00)