U.S.S.G. §4B1.2

(a) CRIME OF VIOLENCE.—The term “crime of violence” means any offense under federal or state law, punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding

one year, that—

(1) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another; or

(2) is murder, voluntary manslaughter, kidnapping, aggravated assault,

a forcible sex offense, robbery, arson, extortion, or the use or unlawful

possession of a firearm described in 26 U.S.C. § 5845(a) or explosive

material as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 841(c).

(b) CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE OFFENSE.—The term “controlled substance offense” means an offense under federal or state law, punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, that—

(1) prohibits the manufacture, import, export, distribution, or dispensing

of a controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance) or the possession

of a controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance) with intent to

manufacture, import, export, distribute, or dispense; or

(2) is an offense described in 46 U.S.C. § 70503(a) or § 70506(b).

(c) TWO PRIOR FELONY CONVICTIONS.—The term “two prior felony convictions”

means (1) the defendant committed the instant offense of conviction subsequent to sustaining at least two felony convictions of either a crime of

violence or a controlled substance offense (i.e., two felony convictions of a

crime of violence, two felony convictions of a controlled substance offense,

or one felony conviction of a crime of violence and one felony conviction of

a controlled substance offense), and (2) the sentences for at least two of the

aforementioned felony convictions are counted separately under the provisions of §4A1.1(a), (b), or (c). The date that a defendant sustained a conviction shall be the date that the guilt of the defendant has been established,

whether by guilty plea, trial, or plea of nolo contendere.

(d) INCHOATE OFFENSES INCLUDED.—The terms “crime of violence” and “controlled substance offense” include the offenses of aiding and abetting, attempting to commit, or conspiring to commit any such offense.

(e) ADDITIONAL DEFINITIONS.—

(1) FORCIBLE SEX OFFENSE.—“Forcible sex offense” includes where consent to the conduct is not given or is not legally valid, such as where

consent to the conduct is involuntary, incompetent, or coerced. The

offenses of sexual abuse of a minor and statutory rape are included

only if the sexual abuse of a minor or statutory rape was (A) an offense

described in 18 U.S.C. § 2241(c) or (B) an offense under state law that

would have been an offense under section 2241(c) if the offense had

occurred within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the

United States.

(2) EXTORTION.—“Extortion” is obtaining something of value from another by the wrongful use of (A) force, (B) fear of physical injury, or

(C) threat of physical injury.

(3) ROBBERY.—“Robbery” is the unlawful taking or obtaining of personal

property from the person or in the presence of another, against his

will, by means of actual or threatened force, or violence, or fear of injury, immediate or future, to his person or property, or property in his

custody or possession, or the person or property of a relative or member of his family or of anyone in his company at the time of the taking

or obtaining. The phrase “actual or threatened force” refers to force

that is sufficient to overcome a victim’s resistance.

(4) PRIOR FELONY CONVICTION.—“Prior felony conviction” means a

prior adult federal or state conviction for an offense punishable by

death or imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, regardless of

whether such offense is specifically designated as a felony and regardless of the actual sentence imposed. A conviction for an offense committed at age eighteen or older is an adult conviction. A conviction for

an offense committed prior to age eighteen is an adult conviction if it

is classified as an adult conviction under the laws of the jurisdiction

in which the defendant was convicted (e.g., a federal conviction for an

offense committed prior to the defendant’s eighteenth birthday is an

adult conviction if the defendant was expressly proceeded against as

an adult).

Commentary

Application Notes:

1. Further Considerations Regarding “Crime of Violence” and “Controlled Substance Offense”.—For purposes of this guideline—

Unlawfully possessing a listed chemical with intent to manufacture a controlled substance

(21 U.S.C. § 841(c)(1)) is a “controlled substance offense.”

Unlawfully possessing a prohibited flask or equipment with intent to manufacture a controlled

substance (21 U.S.C. § 843(a)(6)) is a “controlled substance offense.”

Maintaining any place for the purpose of facilitating a drug offense (21 U.S.C. § 856) is a “controlled substance offense” if the offense of conviction established that the underlying offense (the

offense facilitated) was a “controlled substance offense.”

Using a communications facility in committing, causing, or facilitating a drug offense (21 U.S.C.

§ 843(b)) is a “controlled substance offense” if the offense of conviction established that the underlying offense (the offense committed, caused, or facilitated) was a “controlled substance offense.”

A violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) or § 929(a) is a “crime of violence” or a “controlled substance

offense” if the offense of conviction established that the underlying offense was a “crime of violence” or a “controlled substance offense”. (Note that in the case of a prior 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) or

§ 929(a) conviction, if the defendant also was convicted of the underlying offense, the sentences

for the two prior convictions will be treated as a single sentence under §4A1.2 (Definitions and

Instructions for Computing Criminal History).)

2. Offense of Conviction as Focus of Inquiry.—Section 4B1.1 (Career Offender) expressly provides that the instant and prior offenses must be crimes of violence or controlled substance offenses of which the defendant was convicted. Therefore, in determining whether an offense is a

crime of violence or controlled substance for the purposes of §4B1.1 (Career Offender), the offense

of conviction (i.e., the conduct of which the defendant was convicted) is the focus of inquiry.

3. Applicability of §4A1.2.—The provisions of §4A1.2 (Definitions and Instructions for Computing

Criminal History) are applicable to the counting of convictions under §4B1.1.