U.S.S.G. §3E1.1

(a) If the defendant clearly demonstrates acceptance of responsibility for his

offense, decrease the offense level by 2 levels.

(b) If the defendant qualifies for a decrease under subsection (a), the offense

level determined prior to the operation of subsection (a) is level 16 or

greater, and upon motion of the government stating that the defendant has

assisted authorities in the investigation or prosecution of his own misconduct by timely notifying authorities of his intention to enter a plea of guilty,

thereby permitting the government to avoid preparing for trial and permitting the government and the court to allocate their resources efficiently, decrease the offense level by 1 additional level. The term “preparing for trial” means substantive preparations taken to present the government’s case against the defendant to a jury (or judge, in the case of a

bench trial) at trial. “Preparing for trial” is ordinarily indicated by actions

taken close to trial, such as preparing witnesses for trial, in limine motions, proposed voir dire questions and jury instructions, and witness and

exhibit lists. Preparations for pretrial proceedings (such as litigation related to a charging document, discovery motions, and suppression motions)

ordinarily are not considered “preparing for trial” under this subsection.

Post-conviction matters (such as sentencing objections, appeal waivers,

and related issues) are not considered “preparing for trial.”

Commentary

Application Notes:

1. In determining whether a defendant qualifies under subsection (a), appropriate considerations

include, but are not limited to, the following:

(A) truthfully admitting the conduct comprising the offense(s) of conviction, and truthfully admitting or not falsely denying any additional relevant conduct for which the defendant is

accountable under §1B1.3 (Relevant Conduct). Note that a defendant is not required to volunteer, or affirmatively admit, relevant conduct beyond the offense of conviction in order to

obtain a reduction under subsection (a). A defendant may remain silent in respect to relevant conduct beyond the offense of conviction without affecting his ability to obtain a reduction under this subsection. A defendant who falsely denies, or frivolously contests, relevant conduct that the court determines to be true has acted in a manner inconsistent with

acceptance of responsibility, but the fact that a defendant’s challenge is unsuccessful does

not necessarily establish that it was either a false denial or frivolous;

(B) voluntary termination or withdrawal from criminal conduct or associations;

(C) voluntary payment of restitution prior to adjudication of guilt;

(D) voluntary surrender to authorities promptly after commission of the offense;

(E) voluntary assistance to authorities in the recovery of the fruits and instrumentalities of the

offense;

(F) voluntary resignation from the office or position held during the commission of the offense;

(G) post-offense rehabilitative efforts (e.g., counseling or drug treatment); and

(H) the timeliness of the defendant’s conduct in manifesting the acceptance of responsibility.

2. This adjustment is not intended to apply to a defendant who puts the government to its burden

of proof at trial by denying the essential factual elements of guilt, is convicted, and only then

admits guilt and expresses remorse. Conviction by trial, however, does not automatically preclude a defendant from consideration for such a reduction. In rare situations a defendant may

clearly demonstrate an acceptance of responsibility for his criminal conduct even though he exercises his constitutional right to a trial. This may occur, for example, where a defendant goes to

trial to assert and preserve issues that do not relate to factual guilt (e.g., to make a constitutional

challenge to a statute or a challenge to the applicability of a statute to his conduct). In each such

instance, however, a determination that a defendant has accepted responsibility will be based

primarily upon pre-trial statements and conduct.

3. Entry of a plea of guilty prior to the commencement of trial combined with truthfully admitting

the conduct comprising the offense of conviction, and truthfully admitting or not falsely denying

any additional relevant conduct for which he is accountable under §1B1.3 (Relevant Conduct)

(see Application Note 1(A)), will constitute significant evidence of acceptance of responsibility for

the purposes of subsection (a). However, this evidence may be outweighed by conduct of the defendant that is inconsistent with such acceptance of responsibility. A defendant who enters a

guilty plea is not entitled to an adjustment under this section as a matter of right.

4. Conduct resulting in an enhancement under §3C1.1 (Obstructing or Impeding the Administration of Justice) ordinarily indicates that the defendant has not accepted responsibility for his

criminal conduct. There may, however, be extraordinary cases in which adjustments under both

§§3C1.1 and 3E1.1 may apply.

5. The sentencing judge is in a unique position to evaluate a defendant’s acceptance of responsibility. For this reason, the determination of the sentencing judge is entitled to great deference on

review.

6. Subsection (a) provides a 2-level decrease in offense level. Subsection (b) provides an additional

1-level decrease in offense level for a defendant at offense level 16 or greater prior to the operation

of subsection (a) who both qualifies for a decrease under subsection (a) and who has assisted

authorities in the investigation or prosecution of his own misconduct by taking the steps set forth

in subsection (b). The timeliness of the defendant’s acceptance of responsibility is a consideration

under both subsections, and is context specific. In general, the conduct qualifying for a decrease

in offense level under subsection (b) will occur particularly early in the case. For example, to

qualify under subsection (b), the defendant must have notified authorities of his intention to

enter a plea of guilty at a sufficiently early point in the process so that the government may avoid

preparing for trial and the court may schedule its calendar efficiently.

Because the Government is in the best position to determine whether the defendant has assisted

authorities in a manner that avoids preparing for trial, an adjustment under subsection (b) may

only be granted upon a formal motion by the Government at the time of sentencing. See section 401(g)(2)(B) of Public Law 108–21.

If the government files such a motion, and the court in deciding whether to grant the motion also

determines that the defendant has assisted authorities in the investigation or prosecution of his

own misconduct by timely notifying authorities of his intention to enter a plea of guilty, thereby

permitting the government to avoid preparing for trial and permitting the government and the

court to allocate their resources efficiently, the court should grant the motion.

Background: The reduction of offense level provided by this section recognizes legitimate societal

interests. For several reasons, a defendant who clearly demonstrates acceptance of responsibility for

his offense by taking, in a timely fashion, the actions listed above (or some equivalent action) is appropriately given a lower offense level than a defendant who has not demonstrated acceptance of responsibility.

Subsection (a) provides a 2-level decrease in offense level. Subsection (b) provides an additional

1-level decrease for a defendant at offense level 16 or greater prior to operation of subsection (a) who

both qualifies for a decrease under subsection (a) and has assisted authorities in the investigation or

prosecution of his own misconduct by taking the steps specified in subsection (b). Such a defendant

has accepted responsibility in a way that ensures the certainty of his just punishment in a timely

manner, thereby appropriately meriting an additional reduction. Subsection (b) does not apply, however, to a defendant whose offense level is level 15 or lower prior to application of subsection (a). At

offense level 15 or lower, the reduction in the guideline range provided by a 2-level decrease in offense

level under subsection (a) (which is a greater proportional reduction in the guideline range than at

higher offense levels due to the structure of the Sentencing Table) is adequate for the court to take

into account the factors set forth in subsection (b) within the applicable guideline range.

Section 401(g) of Public Law 108–21 directly amended subsection (b), Application Note 6 (including adding the first sentence of the second paragraph of that application note), and the Background

Commentary, effective April 30, 2003.