U.S.S.G. §3B1.1

Based on the defendant’s role in the offense, increase the offense level as follows:

(a) If the defendant was an organizer or leader of a criminal activity that involved five or more participants or was otherwise extensive, increase by

4 levels.

(b) If the defendant was a manager or supervisor (but not an organizer or

leader) and the criminal activity involved five or more participants or was

otherwise extensive, increase by 3 levels.

(c) If the defendant was an organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor in any

criminal activity other than described in subsection (a) or (b), increase by

2 levels.

Commentary

Application Notes:

1. Definition of “Participant”.—A “participant” is a person who is criminally responsible for

the commission of the offense, but need not have been convicted. A person who is not criminally

responsible for the commission of the offense (e.g., an undercover law enforcement officer) is not

a participant.

2. Organizer, Leader, Manager, or Supervisor of One or More Participants.—To qualify for

an adjustment under this section, the defendant must have been the organizer, leader, manager,

or supervisor of one or more other participants.

3. “Otherwise Extensive”.—In assessing whether an organization is “otherwise extensive,” all

persons involved during the course of the entire offense are to be considered. Thus, a fraud that

involved only three participants but used the unknowing services of many outsiders could be

considered extensive.

4. Factors to Consider.—In distinguishing a leadership and organizational role from one of mere

management or supervision, titles such as “kingpin” or “boss” are not controlling. Factors the

court should consider include the exercise of decision-making authority, the nature of participation in the commission of the offense, the recruitment of accomplices, the claimed right to a larger

share of the fruits of the crime, the degree of participation in planning or organizing the offense,

the nature and scope of the illegal activity, and the degree of control and authority exercised over

others. There can, of course, be more than one person who qualifies as a leader or organizer of a

criminal association or conspiracy. This adjustment does not apply to a defendant who merely

suggests committing the offense.

Background: This section provides a range of adjustments to increase the offense level based upon

the size of a criminal organization (i.e., the number of participants in the offense) and the degree to

which the defendant was responsible for committing the offense. This adjustment is included primarily

because of concerns about relative responsibility. However, it is also likely that persons who exercise

a supervisory or managerial role in the commission of an offense tend to profit more from it and present

a greater danger to the public and/or are more likely to recidivate. The Commission’s intent is that

this adjustment should increase with both the size of the organization and the degree of the defendant’s responsibility.

In relatively small criminal enterprises that are not otherwise to be considered as extensive in

scope or in planning or preparation, the distinction between organization and leadership, and that of

management or supervision, is of less significance than in larger enterprises that tend to have clearly

delineated divisions of responsibility. This is reflected in the inclusiveness of §3B1.1(c).