U.S.S.G. §2A3.4

(a) Base Offense Level:

(1) 20, if the offense involved conduct described in 18 U.S.C. § 2241(a)

or (b);

(2) 16, if the offense involved conduct described in 18 U.S.C. § 2242; or

(3) 12, otherwise.

(b) Specific Offense Characteristics

(1) If the victim had not attained the age of twelve years, increase by

4 levels; but if the resulting offense level is less than 22, increase to

level 22.

(2) If the base offense level is determined under subsection (a)(1) or (2),

and the victim had attained the age of twelve years but had not attained the age of sixteen years, increase by 2 levels.

(3) If the victim was in the custody, care, or supervisory control of the

defendant, increase by 2 levels.

(4) If the offense involved the knowing misrepresentation of a participant’s identity to persuade, induce, entice, or coerce a minor to engage

in prohibited sexual conduct, increase by 2 levels.

(5) If a computer or an interactive computer service was used to persuade, induce, entice, or coerce a minor to engage in prohibited sexual

conduct, increase by 2 levels.

(c) Cross References

(1) If the offense involved criminal sexual abuse or attempt to commit

criminal sexual abuse (as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 2241 or § 2242), apply

§2A3.1 (Criminal Sexual Abuse; Attempt to Commit Criminal Sexual

Abuse).

(2) If the offense involved criminal sexual abuse of a minor or attempt to

commit criminal sexual abuse of a minor (as defined in 18 U.S.C.

§ 2243(a)), apply §2A3.2 (Criminal Sexual Abuse of a Minor Under the

Age of Sixteen Years (Statutory Rape) or Attempt to Commit Such

Acts), if the resulting offense level is greater than that determined

above.

Commentary

Statutory Provision: 18 U.S.C. § 2244. For additional statutory provision(s), see Appendix A (Statutory Index).

Application Notes:

1. Definitions.—For purposes of this guideline:

“Computer” has the meaning given that term in 18 U.S.C. § 1030(e)(1).

“Interactive computer service” has the meaning given that term in section 230(e)(2) of the

Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. § 230(f)(2)).

“Minor” means (A) an individual who had not attained the age of 18 years; (B) an individual,

whether fictitious or not, who a law enforcement officer represented to a participant (i) had not

attained the age of 18 years, and (ii) could be provided for the purposes of engaging in sexually

explicit conduct; or (C) an undercover law enforcement officer who represented to a participant

that the officer had not attained the age of 18 years.

“Participant” has the meaning given that term in Application Note 1 of the Commentary to

§3B1.1 (Aggravating Role).

“Prohibited sexual conduct” has the meaning given that term in Application Note 1 of the

Commentary to §2A3.1 (Criminal Sexual Abuse; Attempt to Commit Criminal Sexual Abuse).

2. Application of Subsection (a)(1).—For purposes of subsection (a)(1), “conduct described in

18 U.S.C. § 2241(a) or (b)” is engaging in, or causing sexual contact with, or by another person

by: (A) using force against the victim; (B) threatening or placing the victim in fear that any person

will be subjected to death, serious bodily injury, or kidnapping; (C) rendering the victim unconscious; or (D) administering by force or threat of force, or without the knowledge or permission

of the victim, a drug, intoxicant, or other similar substance and thereby substantially impairing

the ability of the victim to appraise or control conduct.

3. Application of Subsection (a)(2).—For purposes of subsection (a)(2), “conduct described in

18 U.S.C. § 2242” is: (A) engaging in, or causing sexual contact with, or by another person by

threatening or placing the victim in fear (other than by threatening or placing the victim in fear

that any person will be subjected to death, serious bodily injury, or kidnapping); or (B) engaging

in, or causing sexual contact with, or by another person who is incapable of appraising the nature

of the conduct or physically incapable of declining participation in, or communicating unwillingness to engage in, the sexual act.

4. Application of Subsection (b)(3).—

(A) Custody, Care, or Supervisory Control.—Subsection (b)(3) is intended to have broad

application and is to be applied whenever the victim is entrusted to the defendant, whether

temporarily or permanently. For example, teachers, day care providers, baby-sitters, or

other temporary caretakers are among those who would be subject to this enhancement. In

determining whether to apply this enhancement, the court should look to the actual relationship that existed between the defendant and the victim and not simply to the legal

status of the defendant-victim relationship.

(B) Inapplicability of Chapter Three Adjustment.—If the enhancement in subsection (b)(3) applies, do not apply §3B1.3 (Abuse of Position of Trust or Use of Special Skill).

5. Misrepresentation of a Participant’s Identity.—The enhancement in subsection (b)(4) applies in cases involving the misrepresentation of a participant’s identity to persuade, induce,

entice, or coerce a minor to engage in prohibited sexual conduct. Subsection (b)(4) is intended to

apply only to misrepresentations made directly to a minor or to a person who exercises custody,

care, or supervisory control of the minor. Accordingly, the enhancement in subsection (b)(4) would

not apply to a misrepresentation made by a participant to an airline representative in the course

of making travel arrangements for the minor.

The misrepresentation to which the enhancement in subsection (b)(4) may apply includes misrepresentation of a participant’s name, age, occupation, gender, or status, as long as the misrepresentation was made with the intent to persuade, induce, entice, or coerce a minor to engage in

prohibited sexual conduct. Accordingly, use of a computer screen name, without such intent,

would not be a sufficient basis for application of the enhancement.

6. Application of Subsection (b)(5).—Subsection (b)(5) provides an enhancement if a computer

or an interactive computer service was used to persuade, induce, entice, or coerce a minor to

engage in prohibited sexual conduct. Subsection (b)(5) is intended to apply only to the use of a

computer or an interactive computer service to communicate directly with a minor or with a

person who exercises custody, care, or supervisory control of the minor.

Background: This section covers abusive sexual contact not amounting to criminal sexual abuse

(criminal sexual abuse is covered under §§2A3.1–3.3). Alternative base offense levels are provided to

take account of the different means used to commit the offense.