CMS Pub. 100-04, ch. 15, § 20.1.4

The mileage rates provided in this section are the base rates that are adjusted by the yearly

ambulance inflation factor (AIF). The payment amount under the fee schedule is determined as

follows:

• For ground ambulance services, the fee schedule amount includes:

1. A money amount that serves as a nationally uniform base rate, called a “conversion

factor” (CF), for all ground ambulance services;

2. A relative value unit (RVU) assigned to each type of ground ambulance service;

3. A geographic adjustment factor (GAF) for each ambulance fee schedule locality area

(geographic practice cost index (GPCI));

4. A nationally uniform loaded mileage rate;

5. An additional amount for certain mileage for a rural point-of-pickup; and

6. For specified temporary periods, certain additional payment amounts as described in

section 20.1.4A, below.

• For air ambulance services, the fee schedule amount includes:

1. A nationally uniform base rate for fixed wing and a nationally uniform base rate for

rotary wing;

2. A geographic adjustment factor (GAF) for each ambulance fee schedule locality area

(GPCI);

3. A nationally uniform loaded mileage rate for each type of air service; and

4. A rural adjustment to the base rate and mileage for services furnished for a rural point-of-pickup.

A. Ground Ambulance Services

1. Conversion Factor

The conversion factor (CF) is a money amount used to develop a base rate for each

category of ground ambulance service. The CF is updated annually by the ambulance

inflation factor and for other reasons as necessary.

2. Relative Value Units

Relative value units (RVUs) set a numeric value for ambulance services relative to the

value of a base level ambulance service. Since there are marked differences in resources

necessary to furnish the various levels of ground ambulance services, different levels of

payment are appropriate for the various levels of service. The different payment amounts

are based on level of service. An RVU expresses the constant multiplier for a particular

type of service (including, where appropriate, an emergency response). An RVU of 1.00

is assigned to the BLS of ground service, e.g., BLS has an RVU of 1; higher RVU values

are assigned to the other types of ground ambulance services, which require more service

than BLS.

The RVUs are as follows:

Service Level RVU

BLS 1.00

BLS - Emergency 1.60

ALS1 1.20

ALS1- Emergency 1.90

ALS2 2.75

SCT 3.25

PI 1.75

3. Geographic Adjustment Factor (GAF)

The GAF is one of two factors intended to address regional differences in the cost of furnishing

ambulance services. The GAF for the ambulance FS uses the non-facility practice expense (PE)

of the geographic practice cost index (GPCI) of the Medicare physician fee schedule to adjust

payment to account for regional differences. Thus, the geographic areas applicable to the

ambulance FS are the same as those used for the physician fee schedule.

The location where the beneficiary was put into the ambulance (POP) establishes which GPCI

applies. For multiple vehicle transports, each leg of the transport is separately evaluated for the

applicable GPCI. Thus, for the second (or any subsequent) leg of a transport, the POP

establishes the applicable GPCI for that portion of the ambulance transport.

For ground ambulance services, the applicable GPCI is multiplied by 70 percent of the base rate.

Again, the base rate for each category of ground ambulance services is the CF multiplied by the

applicable RVU. The GPCI is not applied to the ground mileage rate.

4. Mileage

In the context of all payment instructions, the term “mileage” refers to loaded mileage. The

ambulance FS provides a separate payment amount for mileage. The mileage rate per statute

mile applies for all types of ground ambulance services, except Paramedic Intercept, and is

provided to all Medicare contractors electronically by CMS as part of the ambulance FS.

Providers and suppliers must report all medically necessary mileage, including the mileage

subject to a rural adjustment, in a single line item.

5. Adjustment for Certain Ground Mileage for Rural Points of Pickup (POP)

The payment rate is greater for certain mileage where the POP is in a rural area to account for the

higher costs per ambulance trip that are typical of rural operations where fewer trips are made in

any given period.

If the POP is a rural ZIP Code, the following calculations should be used to determine the rural

adjustment portion of the payment allowance. For loaded miles 1-17, the rural adjustment for

ground mileage is 1.5 times the rural mileage allowance.

For services furnished during the period July 1, 2004 through December 31, 2008, a 25 percent

increase is applied to the appropriate ambulance FS mileage rate to each mile of a transport (both

urban and rural POP) that exceeds 50 miles (i.e., mile 51 and greater).

The following chart summarizes the above information:

Service Dates of Service Bonus Calculation

Loaded miles 1-17,

Rural POP

Beginning 4/1/02 50% FS Rural mileage *

1.5

Loaded miles 18-

50, Rural POP

4/1/02 - 12/31/03 25% FS Rural mileage *

1.25

All loaded miles

(Urban or Rural

POP) 51+

7/1/04 - 12/31/08 25% FS Urban or Rural

mileage * 1.25

The POP, as identified by ZIP Code, establishes whether a rural adjustment applies to a

particular service. Each leg of a multi-leg transport is separately evaluated for a rural adjustment

application. Thus, for the second (or any subsequent) leg of a transport, the ZIP Code of the

POP establishes whether a rural adjustment applies to such second (or subsequent) transport.

For the purpose of all categories of ground ambulance services except paramedic intercept, a

rural area is defined as a U.S. Postal Service (USPS) ZIP Code that is located, in whole or in

part, outside of either a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) or in New England, a New England

County Metropolitan Area (NECMA), or is an area wholly within an MSA or NECMA that has

been identified as rural under the “Goldsmith modification.” (The Goldsmith modification

establishes an operational definition of rural areas within large counties that contain one or more

metropolitan areas. The Goldsmith areas are so isolated by distance or physical features that they

are more rural than urban in character and lack easy geographic access to health services.)

For Paramedic Intercept, an area is a rural area if:

• It is designated as a rural area by any law or regulation of a State;

• It is located outside of an MSA or NECMA; or

• It is located in a rural census tract of an MSA as determined under the most recent

Goldsmith modification.

See IOM Pub. 100-02, Medicare Benefit Policy Manual, chapter 10 - Ambulance Services,

section 30.1.1 - Ground Ambulance Services for coverage requirements for the Paramedic

Intercept benefit. Presently, only the State of New York meets these requirements.

Although a transport with a POP located in a rural area is subject to a rural adjustment for

mileage, Medicare still pays the lesser of the billed charge or the applicable FS amount for

mileage. Thus, when rural mileage is involved, the contractor compares the calculated FS rural

mileage payment rate to the provider’s/supplier’s actual charge for mileage and pays the lesser

amount.

The CMS furnishes the ambulance FS files to claims processing contractors electronically. A

version of the Ambulance Fee Schedule is also posted to the CMS website

(http://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-Service-

Payment/AmbulanceFeeSchedule/afspuf.html ) for public consumption. To clarify whether a

particular ZIP Code is rural or urban, please refer to the most recent version of the Medicare

supplied ZIP Code file.

6. Regional Ambulance FS Payment Rate Floor for Ground Ambulance Transports

For services furnished during the period July 1, 2004 through December 31, 2009, the base rate

portion of the payment under the ambulance FS for ground ambulance transports is subject to a

minimum amount. This minimum amount depends upon the area of the country in which the

service is furnished. The country is divided into 9 census divisions and each of the census

divisions has a regional FS that is constructed using the same methodology as the national FS.

Where the regional FS is greater than the national FS, the base rates for ground ambulance

transports are determined by a blend of the national rate and the regional rate in accordance with

the following schedule:

Year National FS

Percentage

Regional FS

Percentage

7/1/04 - 12/31/04 20% 80%

CY 2005 40% 60%

CY 2006 60% 40%

CY 2007 - CY 2009 80% 20%

CY 2010 and thereafter 100% 0%

Where the regional FS is not greater than the national FS, there is no blending and only the

national FS applies. Note that this provision affects only the FS portion of the blended transition

payment rate. This floor amount is calculated by CMS centrally and is incorporated into the FS

amount that appears in the FS file maintained by CMS and downloaded by CMS contractors.

There is no calculation to be done by the MAC in order to implement this provision.

7. Adjustments for FS Payment Rate for Certain Rural Ground Ambulance Transports

For services furnished during the period July 1, 2004 through December 31, 2010, the base rate

portion of the payment under the FS for ground ambulance transports furnished in certain rural

areas is increased by a percentage amount determined by CMS. Section 3105 (c) and 10311 (c)

of the Affordable Care Act amended section 1834 (1) (13) (A) of the Act to extend this rural

bonus for an additional year through December 31, 2010. This increase applies if the POP is in a

rural county (or Goldsmith area) that is comprised by the lowest quartile by population of all

such rural areas arrayed by population density. CMS will determine this bonus amount and the

designated POP rural ZIP Codes in which the bonus applies. Beginning on July 1, 2004, rural

areas qualifying for the additional bonus amount will be identified with a “B” indicator on the

national ZIP Code file. Contractors must apply the additional rural bonus amount as a multiplier

to the base rate portion of the FS payment for all ground transports originating in the designated

POP ZIP Codes.

Subsequently, section of 106 (c) of the MMEA again amended section 1843 (l) (13) (A) of the

Act to extend the rural bonus an additional year, through December 31, 2011.

8. Adjustments for FS Payment Rates for Ground Ambulance Transports

The payment rates under the FS for ground ambulance transports (both the fee schedule base

rates and the mileage amounts) are increased for services furnished during the period July 1,

2004 through December 31, 2006 as well as July 1, 2008 through December 31, 2010. For

ground ambulance transport services furnished where the POP is urban, the rates are increased

by 1 percent for claims with dates of service July 1, 2004 through December 31, 2006 in

accordance with Section 414 of the Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) of 2003 and by 2

percent for claims with dates of service July 1, 2008 through December 31, 2010 in accordance

with Section 146(a) of the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 and

Sections 3105(a) and 10311(a) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) of

2010. For ground ambulance transport services furnished where the POP is rural, the rates are

increased by 2 percent for claims with dates of service July 1, 2004 through December 31, 2006

in accordance with Section 414 of the Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) of 2003 and by 3

percent for claims with dates of service July 1, 2008 through December 31, 2010 in accordance

with Section 146(a) of the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 and

Sections 3105(a) and 10311(a) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) of

2010. Subsequently, section 106 (a) of the Medicare and Medicaid Extenders Act of 2010

(MMEA) again amended section 1834 (1) (12) (A) of the Act to extend the payment increases

for an additional year, through December 31, 2011. These amounts are incorporated into the fee

schedule amounts that appear in the Ambulance FS file maintained by CMS and downloaded by

CMS contractors. There is no calculation to be done by the MAC in order to implement this

provision.

The following chart summarizes the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and

Modernization Act (MMA) of 2003 payment changes for ground ambulance services that

became effective on July 1, 2004 as well as the Medicare Improvement for Patients and

Providers Act (MIPPA) of 2008 changes that became effective July 1, 2008 and were extended

by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 and the Medicare and Medicaid

Extenders Act of 2010 (MMEA).

Summary Chart of Additional Payments for Ground Ambulance Services Provided by MMA,

MIPPA and MMEA

Service Effective Dates Payment

Increase*

All rural miles 7/1/04 - 12/31/06 2%

All rural miles 7/1/08 - 12/31/11 3%

Rural miles 51+ 7/1/04 - 12/31/08 25% **

All urban miles 7/1/04 - 12/31/06 1%

All urban miles 7/1/08 - 12/31/11 2%

Service Effective Dates Payment

Increase*

Urban miles 51+ 7/1/04 - 12/31/08 25% **

All rural base rates 7/1/04 - 12/31/06 2%

All rural base rates 7/1/08 - 12/31/11 3%

Rural base rates (lowest quartile) 7/1/04 - 12/31/11 22.6 %**

All urban base rates 7/1/04 - 12/31/06 1%

All urban base rates 7/1/08 - 12/31/11 2%

All base rates (regional fee

schedule blend)

7/1/04 - 12/31/09 Floor

NOTES: * All payments are percentage increases and all are cumulative.

**Contractor systems perform this calculation. All other increases are incorporated into the

CMS Medicare Ambulance FS file.

B. Air Ambulance Services

1. Base Rates

Each type of air ambulance service has a base rate. There is no conversion factor (CF)

applicable to air ambulance services.

2. Geographic Adjustment Factor (GAF)

The GAF, as described above for ground ambulance services, is also used for air ambulance

services. However, for air ambulance services, the applicable GPCI is applied to 50 percent of

each of the base rates (fixed and rotary wing).

3. Mileage

The FS for air ambulance services provides a separate payment for mileage.

4. Adjustment for Services Furnished in Rural Areas

The payment rates for air ambulance services where the POP is in a rural area are greater than in

an urban area. For air ambulance services (fixed or rotary wing), the rural adjustment is an

increase of 50 percent to the unadjusted FS amount, e.g., the applicable air service base rate

multiplied by the GAF plus the mileage amount or, in other words, 1.5 times both the applicable

air service base rate and the total mileage amount.

The basis for a rural adjustment for air ambulance services is determined in the same manner as

for ground services. That is, whether the POP is within a rural ZIP Code as described above for

ground services.