US-CA9 · jury_instructions

9th Cir. Model Jury Instr. (Criminal) 4.9

Deliberate Ignorance

activein force · 2026-08-20 – presentas-observed

You may find that the defendant acted knowingly if you find beyond a reasonable doubt that:

First, the defendant was aware of a high probability that [e.g., drugs were in the defendant’s automobile], and

Second, the defendant deliberately avoided learning the truth.

You may not find such knowledge, however, if you find that the defendant actually believed that [e.g. no drugs were in the defendant’s automobile], or if you find that the defendant was simply negligent, careless, or foolish.

Provenance

Source: ce9.uscourts.gov
Retrieved: 2026-08-20
Edition: 2026-08-20
Content hash: b1914f2a1266267e4a346b08cad4fc46f22e6c95ce28ed0d85afa44411457d90

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