US-CA9 · jury_instructions
9th Cir. Model Jury Instr. (Criminal) 15.33
Scheme to Defraud—Vicarious Liability (18 U.S.C. §§ 1341, 1343, 1344, 1346)
If you decide that the defendant was a member of a scheme to defraud and that the defendant had the intent to defraud, the defendant may be responsible for other co-schemers’ actions during the course of and in furtherance of the scheme, even if the defendant did not know what the other co-schemers said or did.
For the defendant to be guilty of an offense committed by a co-schemer in furtherance of the scheme, the offense must be one that the defendant could reasonably foresee as a necessary and natural consequence of the scheme to defraud.
Provenance
- Source
- ce9.uscourts.gov
- Retrieved
- 2026-08-20
- Edition
- 2026-08-20
- Content hash
6b8adcc2e358c250318e97ff637b12c9765da7b0ed3d4151dcffab4639a1b2fa
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