US-CA9 · jury_instructions
9th Cir. Model Jury Instr. (Criminal) 12.18
Controlled Substance—Maintaining Drug-Involved Premises (21 U.S.C. § 856(a)(1))
The defendant is charged in [Count ______ of] the indictment with knowingly and intentionally [opening] [leasing] [renting] [using] [maintaining] any place, whether permanently or temporarily, for the purpose of manufacturing, distributing, or using a controlled substance in violation of Section 856(a)(1) of Title 21 of the United States Code. For the defendant to be found guilty of that charge, the government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant knowingly [opened] [maintained] a place for the purpose of [manufacturing] [distributing] [using] a controlled substance.
[“For the purpose of manufacturing, distributing, or using a controlled substance” means that manufacturing, distributing, or using a controlled substance is one of the primary or principal uses to which the residence is put.]
“Maintaining” a place includes facts showing that over a period of time, the defendant directed the activities of and the people in the place.
Provenance
- Source
- ce9.uscourts.gov
- Retrieved
- 2026-08-20
- Edition
- 2026-08-20
- Content hash
83ec89f75ce770aff71b2f1c264a1bf4de156a019c199b50493fd12038b6fc2f
The link goes to the issuing authority’s own document — the one we read to produce this record. Where a source publishes whole titles rather than sections, your browser may need a moment to jump to the provision.
Unofficial copy of government-published law, reproduced from official sources with full provenance. Not an official publication; verify against official sources before relying on it in a filing. Records in the 'guidance' corpus, and only that corpus, are sub-regulatory (interpretive guidelines, survey procedures) and are not binding law. Validity bounds follow each jurisdiction's declared temporalBasis.