NY · jury_instructions
CJI2d[NY] Penal Law § 170.45(1)
CRIMINAL SIMULATION (Making or Altering Object with Intent to Defraud)
The (specify) count is Criminal Simulation.
Under our law, a person is guilty of Criminal Simulation when, with intent to defraud, he or she makes or alters any object in such manner that it appears to have an antiquity, rarity, source, or authorship which it does not in fact possess.
The following term used in that definition has a special meaning:
INTENT means conscious objective or purpose.¹ Thus, a person acts with intent to defraud when that person's conscious objective or purpose is to do so.
In order for you to find the defendant guilty of this crime, the People are required to prove, from all of the evidence in the case, beyond a reasonable doubt, both of the following two elements:
History
Caption: CRIMINAL SIMULATION (Making or Altering Object with Intent to Defraud) Penal Law § 170.45(1) (Committed On or After September 1, 1967). Read from the committee's Word file. Prepared by the New York State Unified Court System Committee on Criminal Jury Instructions, Model Colloquies, and Evidence Rules; published by the Unified Court System at nycourts.gov (the internet edition is the only current and official publication of CJI2d).
Provenance
- Source
- nycourts.gov
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-25
- Edition
- 2026-09-25
- Content hash
e4e6df9f4b96bce26c12b4e4393f2650d666aa4c87ab913169270fb9555f1d49
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