N.J. Model Criminal Jury Charge, N.J.S.A. 2C:5-5a

Approved 5/19/03

MANUFACTURING OF BURGLAR’S TOOLS

(N.J.S.A. 2C:5-5a)

[Count of] [T]he indictment charges defendant with manufacturing of burglar’s

tools. That section of our statutes provides that:

Any person who manufacturers . . . any engine, machine, tool or

implement adapted, designed, or commonly used for committing or

facilitating the offense of ,1 knowing the same

to be so adapted, designed, or commonly used, [with the purpose to

use or employ it] [OR with a purpose to provide it to some person

whom he knows has such a purpose to use or employ it], is guilty

of an offense.

In order for defendant to be found guilty of this offense, the State must prove each of the

following elements beyond a reasonable doubt:

1. that the defendant manufactured an engine, machine, tool or implement adapted,

designed, or commonly used for committing or facilitating the offense of

;

2. that he/she knew the engine, machine, tool or implement was adapted or designed

or commonly used for committing or facilitating that offense; and

3. that his/her purpose was [to use or employ it] [OR to provide it to some other

person whom he/she knew had the purpose to use or employ it] to commit or

facilitate that offense.

2

The first element that the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt is that defendant

manufactured an engine, machine, tool or implement adapted, designed, or commonly used for

committing or facilitating the offense of , in this case [identity by name, type,

or exhibit number].

The engin e, machine, tool or implement that defendant is charged with manufacturing

must be specially or specifically designed or adapted or commonly used for commission or

1 Specify here, and at every other relevant point in the charge, the “offen se in chapter 20 of this

Title or offenses involving forcible entry into premises” that defendant is charged with manufacturing the

burglar’s tool adapted, designed, or commonly used for committing or facilitating.

2 State v. Gertrude, 309 N.J. Super. 354, 358 (App. Div. 1998).

MANUFACTURING OF BURGLAR’S TOOLS

(N.J.S.A. 2C:5-5a)

facilitation of this offense and not merely be something designed or adapted or commonly use d

for some other purpose that can be or is used for committing or facilitating this offense.3

The elements of the offense of are [see appropriate Model Jury

Charge] OR [I have already defined for you (OR I will define for you) the elements of the

offense of in the instructions regarding count _____ of the indictment].

The second element that the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt is that defendant

knew that the engine, machine, tool, or implement was designed, adapted, or commonly used for

committing or facilitating the offense of . A person acts knowingly with

respect to the nature of his/her conduct or the attendant circumstances if he/she is aware that

his/her conduct is of that nature, or that such circumstances exist, or he/she is aware of a high

probability of their existence. A person acts knowingly with respect to a result of his conduct if

he/she is aware that it is practically certain that his/her conduct will cause such a result.

The third element that the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt is that defendant’s

purpose was to use or employ the engine, machine, tool or implement [OR to provide the

engine, machine, tool or implement to anoth er whom he/she knows has the purpose to use

or employ it] for committing or facilitating the offense of . A person acts

purposely with respect to the nature of his/her conduct or a result thereof if it is his/her conscious

object to engage in conduct of that nature or to cause such a result. A person acts “purposely”

with respect to attendant circumstances if he/she is aware of the existence of such circumstances

or he/she believes or hopes that they exit.

[IF DEFENDANT IS ACCUSED OF PROVIDING IMPLEMENT TO ANOTHER:

I have already defined the term “knowing” for you].

Purpose and knowledge are conditions of the mind that cannot be seen and that can be

determined only by inferences from conduct, words or acts. A state of mind is rarely susceptible

of direct proof but must ordinarily be inferred from the facts. Therefore, it is not necessary that

the State produce witnesses to testify that an accused said that he/she had a certain state of mind

when he/she engaged in a particular act. It is within your power to find that such proof has been

3 See Cannel, Criminal Code Annotated, Comments 2. (second paragraph) and 4. to N.J.S.A. 2C:5-

5 (“[T]he linkage of the manufacture of implements with the publishing of plans suggests that the higher

penalty was intended for those persons who produce a specialized implement. Such persons pose a

greater danger to the public”).

MANUFACTURING OF BURGLAR’S TOOLS

(N.J.S.A. 2C:5-5a)

furnished beyond a reasonable doubt by inference, which may arise from the nature of

defendant’s acts and conduct, from all that he/she said and did at the particular time and place,

and from all surrounding circumstances.

If the State has failed to prove each element of this offense beyond a reasonable doubt,

then you must find the defendant not guilty. If t he State has proven each element of this offense

beyond a reasonable doubt, then you must find defendant guilty.

CHARGE IF APPROPRIATE:

POSSESSION OF BURGLAR’S TOOLS (lesser included offense)

As part of his/her denial of guilt to the charge of manufacturing burglar’s tools, defendant

asserts that he/she did not manufacture , but merely possessed it without

having any role or part in its manufacture. It is the State’s burden to prove beyond a reasonable

doubt that defendant manufactured rather than merely possessed the engine, machine, tool or

implement.

The word “possess” as used in criminal statutes signifies a knowing, intentional control

of a designated thing, accompanied by a knowledge of its character.

Thus, the person must know or be aware that he/she possesses the item (in this case

), and he/she must know what it is that he/she possesses or controls (that it is (they

are) burglar’s tool(s)).

[Where applicable charge the following: this possession cannot merely be a passing

control that is fleeting or uncertain in its nature]. In other words, to “possess” within the

meaning of the law, the defendant must knowingly procure or receive the item possessed or be

aware of his/her control thereof for a sufficient period of time to have been able to relinquish

his/her control if he/she chose to do so. (Define “knowing” N.J.S.A. 2C:2-2 and any other

definition relevant to the item allegedly possessed).

A person may possess (an item) even though it was not physically

on his/her person at the time of the arrest, if he/she had in fact, at some time prior to his/her

arrest, had control over it.

When we speak of possession, we mean a conscious, knowing possession. The law

recognizes two kinds of possession: they are actual possession and constructive possession.

MANUFACTURING OF BURGLAR’S TOOLS

(N.J.S.A. 2C:5-5a)

ACTUAL POSSESSION

A person is in actual possession of a particular article or thing when he/she knows what it

is: that is, he/she has knowledge of its character and knowingly has it on his/her person at a given

time.

CONSTRUCTIVE POSSESSION

The law recognizes that possession may be constructive instead of actual.

Constructive possession means possession in which the person does not physically have

the property, but though not physically on one’s person, he/she is aware of the presence of the

property and is able to and has the intention to exercise control over it.

A person who, although not in actual possession, has knowledge of its character,

knowingly has both the power and the intention at a given time to exercise control over a thing,

either directly or through another person or persons, is then in constructive possession of it.

JOINT POSSESSION

The law recognizes that possession may be sole or joint. If one person alone has actual or

constructive possession of a thing, possession is sole. If two or more persons share actual or

constructive possession of a thing, possession is joint; that is, if they knowingly share control

over the article.

If the State has failed to prove each element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt,

then you must find the defendant not guilty. I f the State has proven each element of the offense

beyond a reasonable doubt, then you must find defendant guilty of manufacturing burglar’s tools.

If the State has not proven beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant manufactured rather than

possessed the engine, machine, tool or implement, but has proven all of the other elements

beyond a reasonable doubt, then you must find the defendant guilty of possession of burglar’s

tools.