Ind. Trial Rule 8

Effective August 1, 2026

(A) Claims for Relief.

To state a claim for relief, whether an original claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party

claim, a pleading must contain:

(1) a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,

and

(2) a demand for relief to which the pleader deems entitled. Relief in the alternative or of

several different types may be demanded. However, in any complaint seeking damages

for personal injury or death, or seeking punitive damages, no dollar amount or figure shall

be included in the demand.

(B) Defenses: Form of denials.

A responsive pleading must state in short and plain terms the pleader’s defenses to each

claim asserted and must admit or controvert the averments set forth in the preceding

pleading. If in good faith the pleader intends to deny all the averments in the preceding pleading, the pleader may do so by general denial subject to the provisions of Rule 11 or Rule 11.1,

as applicable. If the pleader does not intend a general denial, the pleader may:

(1) specifically deny designated averments or paragraphs; or

(2) generally deny all averments except such designated averments and paragraphs as he

expressly admits.

If he lacks knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief as to the truth of an averment,

he shall so state and his statement shall be considered a denial. If in good faith a pleader

intends to deny only a part or a qualification of an averment, he shall specify so much of it as

is true and material and deny the remainder. All denials shall fairly meet the substance of the

averments denied. This rule shall have no application to uncontested actions for divorce, or

to answers required to be filed by clerks or guardians ad litem.

(C) Affirmative defenses.

A responsive pleading shall set forth affirmatively and carry the burden of proving: accord

and satisfaction, arbitration and award, discharge in bankruptcy, duress, estoppel, failure of

consideration, fraud, illegality, injury by fellow servant, laches, license, payment, release, res

judicata, statute of frauds, statute of limitations, waiver, lack of jurisdiction over the subject-matter, lack of jurisdiction over the person, improper venue, insufficiency of process or service of process, the same action pending in another state court of this state, and any other

matter constituting an avoidance, matter of abatement, or affirmative defense. A party

required to affirmatively plead any matters, including matters formerly required to be

pleaded affirmatively by reply, shall have the burden of proving such matters. The burden of

proof imposed by this or any other provision of these rules is subject to the rules of evidence

or any statute fixing a different rule. If the pleading mistakenly designates a defense as a

counterclaim or a counterclaim as a defense, the court shall treat the pleading as if there had

been a proper designation.

(D) Effect of failure to deny.

Averments in a pleading to which a responsive pleading is required, except those pertaining

to amount of damages, are admitted when not denied in the responsive pleading. Averments

in a pleading to which no responsive pleading is required or permitted shall be taken as

denied or avoided.

(E) All pleadings to be concise and direct--Consistency.

(1) Each averment of a pleading shall be simple, concise, and direct. No technical forms of

pleading or motions are required. All fictions in pleading are abolished.

(2) A pleading may set forth two or more statements of a claim or defense alternatively or

hypothetically, either in one count or defense or in separate counts or defenses. When two or

more statements are made in the alternative and one of them if made independently would

be sufficient, the pleading is not made insufficient by the insufficiency of one or more of the

alternative statements. A pleading may also state as many separate claims or defenses as the

pleader has regardless of consistency and whether based on legal or equitable grounds. All

statements must be made subject to the obligations set forth in Rule 11 or Rule 11.1, as

applicable.

(3) Motions and pleadings, joint and several. All motions and pleadings of any kind addressed

to two [2] or more paragraphs of any pleading, or filed by two [2] or more parties, shall be

taken and construed as joint, separate, and several motions or pleadings to each of such

paragraphs and by and against each of such parties. All motions or pleadings containing two

[2] or more subject-matters shall be taken and construed as separate and several as to each

subject-matter. All objections to rulings made by two [2] or more parties shall be taken and

construed as the joint, separate, and several objections of each of such parties.

A complaint filed by or against two [2] or more plaintiffs shall be taken and construed as joint,

separate, and several as to each of said plaintiffs.

(F) Construction of pleadings.

All pleadings shall be so construed as to do substantial justice, lead to disposition on the merits, and avoid litigation of procedural points.