Ind. Prof. Cond. Rule 2.1

Effective January 1, 1987

In representing a client, a lawyer shall exercise independent professional judgment and

render candid advice. In rendering advice, a lawyer may refer not only to law but to other considerations such as moral, economic, social and political factors, that may be relevant to the

client's situation.

Comment

Scope of Advice

[1] A client is entitled to straightforward advice expressing the lawyer's honest assessment. Legal advice often involves unpleasant facts and alternatives that a client may be

disinclined to confront. In presenting advice, a lawyer endeavors to sustain the client's

morale and may put advice in as acceptable a form as honesty permits. However, a lawyer should not be deterred from giving candid advice by the prospect that the advice will

be unpalatable to the client.

[2] Advice couched in narrow legal terms may be of little value to a client, especially

where practical considerations, such as cost or effects on other people, are predominant.

Purely technical legal advice, therefore, can sometimes be inadequate. It is proper for a

lawyer to refer to relevant moral and ethical considerations in giving advice. Although a

lawyer is not a moral advisor as such, moral and ethical considerations impinge upon

most legal questions and may decisively influence how the law will be applied.

[3] A client may expressly or impliedly ask the lawyer for purely technical advice. When

such a request is made by a client experienced in legal matters, the lawyer may accept it

at face value. When such a request is made by a client inexperienced in legal matters,

however, the lawyer's responsibility as advisor may include indicating that more may be

involved than strictly legal considerations.

[4] Matters that go beyond strictly legal questions may also be in the domain of another

profession. Family matters can involve problems within the professional competence of

psychiatry, clinical psychology or social work; business matters can involve problems

within the competence of the accounting profession or of financial specialists. Where con-

sultation with a professional in another field is itself something a competent lawyer would

recommend, the lawyer should make such a recommendation. At the same time, a lawyer's advice at its best often consists of recommending a course of action in the face of

conflicting recommendations of experts.

Offering Advice

[5] In general, a lawyer is not expected to give advice until asked by the client. However,

when a lawyer knows that a client proposes a course of action that is likely to result in substantial adverse legal consequences to the client, the lawyer's duty to the client under

Rule 1.4 may require that the lawyer offer advice if the client's course of action is related

to the representation. Similarly, when a matter is likely to involve litigation, it may be

necessary under Rule 1.4 to inform the client of forms of dispute resolution that might constitute reasonable alternatives to litigation. A lawyer ordinarily has no duty to initiate

investigation of a client's affairs or to give advice that the client has indicated is unwanted,

but a lawyer may initiate advice to a client when doing so appears to be in the client's

interest.