Ind. Prof. Cond. Rule 1.16

Effective January 1, 2005

(a) Except as stated in paragraph (c), a lawyer shall not represent a client or, where representation has commenced, shall withdraw from the representation of a client if:

(1) the representation will result in violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct or other

law;

(2) the lawyer's physical or mental condition materially impairs the lawyer's ability to represent the client; or

(3) the lawyer is discharged.

(b) Except as stated in paragraph (c), a lawyer may withdraw from representing a client if:

(1) withdrawal can be accomplished without material adverse effect on the interests of the

client;

(2) the client persists in a course of action involving the lawyer's services that the lawyer

reasonably believes is criminal or fraudulent;

(3) the client has used the lawyer's services to perpetrate a crime or fraud;

(4) a client insists upon taking action that the lawyer considers repugnant or with which

the lawyer has a fundamental disagreement;

(5) the client fails substantially to fulfill an obligation to the lawyer regarding the lawyer's

services and has been given reasonable warning that the lawyer will withdraw unless the

obligation is fulfilled;

(6) the representation will result in an unreasonable financial burden on the lawyer or has

been rendered unreasonably difficult by the client; or

(7) other good cause for withdrawal exists.

(c) A lawyer must comply with applicable law requiring notice to or permission of a tribunal

when terminating a representation. When ordered to do so by a tribunal, a lawyer shall continue representation notwithstanding good cause for terminating the representation.

(d) Upon termination of representation, a lawyer shall take steps to the extent reasonably

practicable to protect a client's interests, such as giving reasonable notice to the client, allowing time for employment of other counsel, surrendering papers and property to which the client is entitled and refunding any advance payment of fee or expense that has not been

earned or incurred. The lawyer may retain papers relating to the client to the extent permitted by other law.

Comment

[1] A lawyer should not accept representation in a matter unless it can be performed com-

petently, promptly, without improper conflict of interest and to completion. Ordinarily, a

representation in a matter is completed when the agreed-upon assistance has been concluded. See Rules 1.2(c) and 6.5. See also Rule 1.3, Comment [4].

Mandatory Withdrawal

[2] A lawyer ordinarily must decline or withdraw from representation if the client demands

that the lawyer engage in conduct that is illegal or violates the Rules of Professional Conduct or other law. The lawyer is not obliged to decline or withdraw simply because the client suggests such a course of conduct; a client may make such a suggestion in the hope

that a lawyer will not be constrained by a professional obligation.

[3] When a lawyer has been appointed to represent a client, withdrawal ordinarily requires

approval of the appointing authority. See also Rule 6.2. Similarly, court approval or notice

to the court is often required by applicable law before a lawyer withdraws from pending lit-

igation. Difficulty may be encountered if withdrawal is based on the client's demand that

the lawyer engage in unprofessional conduct. The court may request an explanation for

the withdrawal, while the lawyer may be bound to keep confidential the facts that would

constitute such an explanation. The lawyer's statement that professional considerations

require termination of the representation ordinarily should be accepted as sufficient.. Lawyers should be mindful of their obligations to both clients and the court under Rules 1.6

and 3.3.

Discharge

[4] A client has a right to discharge a lawyer at any time, with or without cause, subject to

liability for payment for the lawyer's services. Where future dispute about the withdrawal

may be anticipated, it may be advisable to prepare a written statement reciting the circumstances.

[5] Whether a client can discharge appointed counsel may depend on applicable law. A client seeking to do so should be given a full explanation of the consequences. These consequences may include a decision by the appointing authority that appointment of

successor counsel is unjustified, thus requiring self-representation by the client.

[6] If the client has severely diminished capacity, the client may lack the legal capacity to

discharge the lawyer, and in any event the discharge may be seriously adverse to the client's interests. The lawyer should make special effort to help the client consider the consequences and may take reasonably necessary protective action as provided in Rule

1.14.

Optional Withdrawal

[7] A lawyer may withdraw from representation in some circumstances. The lawyer has

the option to withdraw if it can be accomplished without material adverse effect on the client's interests. Withdrawal is also justified if the client persists in a course of action that

the lawyer reasonably believes is criminal or fraudulent, for a lawyer is not required to be

associated with such conduct even if the lawyer does not further it. Withdrawal is also permitted if the lawyer's services were misused in the past even if that would materially pre-

judice the client. The lawyer may also withdraw where the client insists on taking action

that the lawyer considers repugnant or with which the lawyer has a fundamental disagreement.

[8] A lawyer may withdraw if the client refuses to abide by the terms of an agreement relating to the representation, such as an agreement concerning fees or court costs or an

agreement limiting the objectives of the representation.

Assisting the Client upon Withdrawal

[9] Even if the lawyer has been unfairly discharged by the client, a lawyer must take all

reasonable steps to mitigate the consequences to the client. The lawyer may retain

papers as security for a fee only to the extent permitted by law. See Rule 1.15.